Abstract

This report describes existing software tools for analysing operation and expansion of local energy systems and is written in WP5 in the Research Centre on Zero Emission Neighbourhoods in Smart Cities (ZEN). WP5 in FME ZEN aims to develop and apply methodologies that identify the socioeconomic optimal operation and expansion of energy systems within demarked areas. The eTransport model is planned to be further developed and used to analyse pilot cases in ZEN. This report provides a brief description of the eTransport model and other alternative models found in the literature or used by partners in FME ZEN. The models are assessed based on their suitability to address the planned research tasks in FEM ZEN WP5. The report also includes a description of models developed for global and international analysis.

We are grateful for views and suggestions provided by Henrik Madsen (professor at DTU), and for comments provided by Anne Grete Hestnes (professor NTNU)

M. L. Kolstad, S. Backe, O. Wolfgang, I. Sartori

This memo details considerations and requirements for data management as well as the data view on monitoring within the ZEN Research Centre.

John Krogstie, Dirk Ahlers

This memo provides an initial overview of issues related to the coordination of the use of ICT-tools in the ZEN Research Centre.

John Krogstie, Dirk Ahlers

Ett spørsmål klarer ikke arkitekter og ingeniører å bli enige om. Er det best å bare åpne vinduene om du vil lufte ut en bygning?

Maria Justo Alonso

Dette dokumentet inneholder forslag til kriterier for hva som skal være krav og retningslinjer, samt roller og ansvar knyttet til å være et pilotprosjekt i forskingssenteret Zero Emission Neighbourhoods.

Inger Andresen

Dette dokumentet inneholder forslag til kriterier for hva som skal være krav og retningslinjer, samt roller og ansvar knyttet til å være et CASE-prosjekt i forskingssenteret Zero Emission Neighbourhoods.

Inger Andresen

To develop zero emission neighbourhoods in smart cities, knowledge is needed in a number of areas. This pilot survey describes the initial plans for the ZEN pilot areas regarding thermal and electrical use, generation, distribution and storage.

Åse Lekang Sørensen, Eyvind Fredriksen, Harald Taxt Walnum, Kristian Stenerud Skeie, Inger Andresen

Abstract

The increased use of electric vehicles (EVs) calls for new and innovative solutions for charging infrastructure. At the same time, it is desirable to improve the energy flexibility of neighbourhoods. This paper presents state-of-the-art for smart EV charging systems, with focus on Norway.

The aim of the study is to start investigating how smart EV charging systems can improve the energy flexibility in a Zero Emission Neighbourhood (ZEN). The intention is that the study will be useful when evaluating activities and technologies for the ZEN pilot areas.

The paper presents energy demand for EV charging and typical charging profiles. Further, it describes how charging stations can interact also with the energy need in buildings and neighbourhoods, local energy production and local electric and thermal energy storage. Examples of commercial smart EV charging systems are described.

The report lists some opportunities for testing smart EV charging in the ZEN pilot areas. Piloting of new technologies and solutions can provide more knowledge about smart EV charging systems, and how they can participate in matching energy loads in buildings and infrastructure with local electricity generation and energy storage.

Åse Lekang Sørensen, Shanshan Jiang, Bendik Nybakk Torsæter, Steve Völler

This memo presents guidelines on a method of how to implement aggregated load when doing an energy system analysis and cost optimality in the early design of zero emission neighbourhoods.

Kari Sørnes, Igor Sartori, Kristian S. Skeie

This memo summarizes promising possibilities for the further development of eTransport, of which some are included in the ZEN work plan 2018-2019. Among other things, the described developments deal with technologies within the energy supply chains for electricity and heat, with the representation of end-users, and with the representation of fluctuations in the availability of local energy sources.

O. Wolfgang, I. Petersen, M. Lorentzen Kolstad, K. Husevåg Kvalsvik

Abstract

This report is a part of Work Package 3 Responsive and Energy Efficient buildings. The goal for WP 3 is to create cost effective, responsive, resource and energy efficient buildings by developing low carbon technologies and construction systems based on lifecycle design strategies.

As conventional HVAC systems can only make most users satisfied with their thermal environment, there has recently been a lot of research into personal climatization systems. The aim of this literature study was to investigate whether personal heating and cooling solutions could contribute to make all users satisfied with their thermal environment. Potential energy savings are considered a bonus, but was also included in the evaluation of the literature on the subject.

Almost all of the articles reviewed in this report found that the personal climatization devices significantly improved thermal sensation and thermal comfort for the users. For both heating and cooling it was found that combining personal comfort devices resulted in higher comfort improvement and higher energy saving potential. The devices also made it possible to achieve thermal comfort outside the traditional heating and cooling setpoints, thus making it possible to extend the thermal dead-band of buildings, which could lead to substantial energy savings. There are however still some aspects of personal climatization systems where there is suggested further research, and these personal climatization systems are still not commercially available.

Øystein Rønneseth

This report reviews the state-of-the-art on thermal energy systems for neighbourhoods. Its main focus is on technologies related to 4th generation district heating (4GDH), biomass combined heat and power (CHP) systems, ground source heat pumps (GSHP) and seasonal heat storage.

Harald Taxt Walnum, Eyvind Fredriksen

How should sustainable neighbourhoods be designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions towards zero? What kind of information do decision makers need to make solid future plans on the neighbourhood level? A dynamic building stock model has been developed for energy- and GHG-emission scenario analyses of neighbourhoods. The model is generic and flexible and can be used to model any neighbourhood where building stock data is available.

Jan Sandstad Næss, Nina Holck Sandberg, Natasa Nord, Magnus Inderberg Vestrum, Carine Lausselet, Aleksandra Woszczek, Øystein Rønneseth, Helge Brattebø

This report presents a plan for the European power market studies to be carried out within the ZEN Research Centre.

Local energy solutions such as the utilization of local renewable energy resources, and increased energy efficiency, are important for being able to reduce European greenhouse gas emissions to amounts that are in line e.g. with a 2 degree global warming. In the long run, emission levels are affected by many factors including energy system operations, investment decisions, policy instruments, social acceptance for environmental policy, amongst others. Thus, it is not trivial to calculate the full impacts of e.g. 1 TWh extra renewable energy produced locally. Still, it is possible to elaborate on and reveal important mechanisms, which will increase our understanding of those. This report present a plan for European power market studies to be carried out within the FME ZEN. The overall intention with the planned studies is not to provide more accurate numerical calculations than in previous studies, but rather to show how numerical results are affected by which economic mechanisms that are included in such studies. Thus, the studies shall be a basis for creating increased mutual understanding of arguments within FME ZEN.

Ove Wolfgang

This report presents a set of guidelines to assist building designers in a methodological approach to the analysis of energy systems in the early design phase of zero emission buildings. The guidelines are meant to accompany the use of a ZEB supporting tool, guiding through the necessary steps to evaluate the performance and adapt the dimensioning of different systems to the case at hand.

Igor Sartori, Sjur V. Løtveit, Kristian S. Skeie

Based on discussions with the ZEB partners, three possible solutions have been investigated for the energy system of Zero Village Bergen:

1. District Heating (DH)
2. Biomass fired Combined Heat and Power (Bio CHP)
3. Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP)

Igor Sartori, Kristian S. Skeie, Kari Sørnes, Inger Andresen

Overskuddsenergien skal selges som 50-55 graders termisk energi til 60 leiligheter

Ole Peter Galaasen, Jens Petter Burud

All presentations of the ZEN Research Centre

2022 presentations of the ZEN Research Centre

2021 presentations of the ZEN Research Centre

2020 presentations of the ZEN Research Centre

2019 presentations of the ZEN Research Centre

2018 presentations of the ZEN Research Centre

2017 presentations of the ZEN Research Centre

2016 presentations of the ZEN Research Centre

Abstract

It has been proven that occupant behavior may significantly change building energy performance. The effect of the occupant behavior is becoming even bigger when it comes to highly energy efficient buildings. Specifically Zero Emission Buildings (ZEB) may become an issue for the electric grid, because they are supposed to be actively connected to the electricity grid for electricity import and export. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the change in the energy performance of a ZEB located in Norway.

Occupant behavior was modelled by using the following methods standard schedules, well-defined profiles based on thorough statistical analysis, and stochastic methods To analyze the grid stress, 31 scenarios for different occupant behaviors were analyzed. The overall estimation of investigated parameters showed that the change in occupant behavior resulted in grid stress variance from −5% to +13% compared to the reference case based on the standard values.

The results showed that the occupant behavior might change the annual energy balance reliability by 20%. However, the results showed that the influence of the occupant behavior related to the window opening and domestic hot tap water would not significantly change the ZEB energy performance. Window opening would even decrease the cooling load. A very important conclusion of this study is that consideration of occupant behavior through challenging the standard values are highly necessary for reliable energy analysis of the ZEB solutions.

Abstract

The housing sector is important for future energy savings and greenhouse gas emission mitigation. A dynamic, stock-driven and segmented dwelling stock model is applied for dwelling stock energy analyses. Renovation activity is estimated as the need for renovation during the ageing process of the stock, in contrast to exogenously defined and often unrealistic renovation rates applied in other models.

The case study of Norway 2016–2050 shows that despite stock growth, the total theoretical estimated delivered energy is expected to decrease from 2016 to 2050 by 23% (baseline) and 52% (most optimistic scenario). A large share of the energy-efficiency potential of the stock is already realized through standard renovation. The potential for further reductions through more advanced and/or more frequent renovation, compared to current practice, is surprisingly limited. However, extensive use of heat pumps and photovoltaics will give large additional future energy savings. Finally, user behaviour is highly important. A strong future rebound effect is expected as the dwelling stock becomes more energy efficient. The estimated total ‘real’ energy demand is expected to decrease by only 1% (baseline) and 36% (most optimistic scenario). Hence, reaching significant future energy and emission reductions in the Norwegian dwelling stock system will be challenging.

Abstract

This paper investigates how an extensive implementation of net Zero Energy Buildings (ZEBs) affects cost-optimal investments in the Scandinavian energy system towards 2050. Analyses are done by a stochastic TIMES model with an explicit representation of the short-term uncertainty related to electricity supply and heat demand in buildings. We define a nearly ZEB to be a highly efficient building with on-site PV production. To evaluate the flexibility requirement of the surrounding energy system, we consider no use of energy storage within the ZEBs.

The results show that ZEBs reduce the investments in non-flexible hydropower, wind power and Combined Heat and Power, and increase the use of direct electric heating and electric boilers. With building integrated PV production of 53 TWh in 2050, ZEBs increase the Scandinavian electricity generation by 16 TWh and increase the net electricity export by 19 TWh. Although the increased production reduces the electricity prices, the low heat demand in ZEBs gives a drop in the electricity consumption by 4 TWh in 2050. Finally, the results demonstrate that the Scandinavian energy system is capable of integrating a large amount of ZEBs with intermittent PV production due to the flexible hydropower in Norway and Sweden.

Abstract

Generation of energy at building level has an increasing interest in Norway, as in rest of Europe. Load matching is the correlation between the buildings generation and load, which in most cases aims at optimization of the amount of self-consumption. When analysing generation in relation to load, it is of interest to study the choice of resolution and what impact this has on load match indicators. This study analyses the importance of choosing the right resolution, starting with hourly measurements, and going down towards one-minute resolution.

Monitoring resolution has a significant impact on both the type of monitoring equipment and the data storage capacity needed. If the impact of lower resolution is small, less complex monitoring systems can be installed in projects that are not sensible to the uncertainty caused by the lack of minute-based data.
Norwegian case studies with solar power production gives data to the analysis, studying a nursing home in Oslo called Økern Sykehjem. The nursing home has been a pilot building in the European Fp7 research project ZenN, Nearly Zero Energy Neighbourhood (2012-2017), which led to the installation of 130 kW solar power panels while going through a large renovation process. Generation and load have been monitored with high-resolution since 2015 and this gives useful insight into the effect of high-resolution data monitoring compared to hourly-resolution monitoring.

Resulting graphs shows that by collecting data on a daily basis will give a wrong impression on self-consumption and self-generation by about 20% compared to hourly based data. The difference between minute based and hourly based resolution is relatively small (6%).

Abstract

The present study examines the effect of bulk density and cement content on the thermal conductivity of cement stabilized earth blocks (CSEB). The experimental results show that the thermal conductivity increases as a function of bulk density; changes in cement content result in a small variation in thermal conductivity of CSEB at a given bulk density. No obvious linear relationship between the thermal conductivity and cement content of CSEB has been observed. However, a significant increase of compressive strength of CSEB caused by the addition of cement has been observed; moreover, the compressive strength of CSEB increases with increasing cement content. CSEB show potential in earth buildings due to their improved compressive strength and reduced thermal conductivity.

Mer enn 70% av verdens energirelaterte klimagassutslipp er tilknyttet byer. Byggesektoren bruker halvparten av total elektrisitetsbruk i fastlands Norge. Det er derfor rimelig tydelig at utfordringer tilknyttet klima ligger i planleggingen og bruken av byene – men også løsningene.

Usman Dar og Barbara Ascher

VI MÅ jo bare takke og bukke for at MDG-eren Martin Løken har opphøyd seg selv til elverumpolitikkens moroklump. Med utspillet om å skrinlegge Ydalir har han tatt belastningen med å bli latterliggjort og utskjelt. Å sette dagsorden med hovedoppslag og en tosiders avisartikkel for noe som får uttrykket «bak mål» til å framstå som tomt og innholdsløst, er en prestasjon i seg selv. Men det uredde og frimodige Martin mest av alt har klart, er å få øynene opp på flere for hva som egentlig foregår i Ydalir.

Halvard Berget

Kun innpakningen er grønn, sier MDGs Martin Løken om Ydalir til Østlendingen. Vi er glade for Løkens engasjement, bare synd det baserer seg på misforståelser som kan skade Elverums attraktivitetsarbeid for fortsatt økt tilflytning.

Odd-Erling Lange

Ti måneder etter oppstarten er FME ZEN allerede godt i gang med å planlegge og utvikle områder uten klimagassutslipp. Forskningssenter for nullutslippsområder i smarte byer (FME ZEN) skal utvikle løsninger for framtidens bygninger og byområder, løsninger som bidrar til at nullutslippssamfunnet kan realiseres.

Kathrine Nitter, Arild Gustavsen

NRK-bygget på Lø i Steinkjer kan bli revet for å gi plass til barnehage og boliger.

Joar Børstad, Johan Arnt Nesgård, Gunvor Aursjø

ZEB Flexible Lab skal stå klar i 2020, og blir et fullskala kontorbygg hvor NTNU og SINTEF skal teste ut ny nullutslippsteknologi. Dette er et banebrytende prosjekt i verdenssammenheng. Veidekke er nå valgt som samspillsaktør.

Terje Jacobsen

Forskningssenteret Zero Emission Building – ZEB har vært i arbeid ved NTNU de siste åtte årene. Men forskningen fortsetter: NTNUs forskningssenter ZEN, Zero Emission Neighbourhoods, tar over stafettpinnen.

Anne Grete Hestnes

Nå skal NTNU og Sintef bygge ZEB Flexible Lab. Bygget, som blir et kontor- og undervisningsbygg, får en sentral plass i det nye forskningssenteret Zero Emission Neighbourhoods in Smart Cities (ZEN) og senter for forskningsdrevet innovasjon, Klima 2050.

Elmagasinet

NTNU og byggebransjen har valgt ut sju områder for å demonstrere hvordan nabolag kan bidra til nullutslipp i det nye, store ZEN-prosjektet. Allerede i 2019 kan de første nullnabolagene stå klare.

An Interview with Annemie Wyckmans on Sino-Norwegian Architecture Forum: Zero Emission Architecture, Special Issue “Architecture of Tomorrow”. Community Design 2017

Annemie Wyckmans

Et prosjekt med utredning av nullutslippshus på NRK-tomta, kan i verste fall forsinke planene for Lø barnehage.

Anders Nordmeland

Steinkjer kommune ønsker å bruke NRK-tomta til utvikling av fremtidens boligområder, men det kan forsinke bygging av ny barnehage på Lø.

Øyvind Bones

Powerhouse-samarbeidet realiserer plussenergibygg som bryter barrierer og viser vei for Norge og byggebransjen i det grønne skiftet.

Stig Grindahl

Alt om tre-fire år kan nye byggeforskrifter her i landet være basert på de erfaringer og kunnskap som man har fått fra det store ZEB-prosjektet (Zero emission buildings) ved NTNU/Sintef som har pågått i flere år.

Arne Sellæg, Anne Grete Hestnes, Arild Gustavsen

Samspillskontrakten om ZEB Flexible Lab, det nye laboratoriet som NTNU og SINTEF skal bygge i Trondheim, er nå lyst ut.

SINTEF

NTNU WOOD skal bidra til å styrke tresatsingen ytterligere, både på NTNU og nasjonalt sett.

Fremtidens Byggenæring

Allergiker Kari Alme var «forsøkskanin» i laboratoriet på Gløshaugen.

Frank Lervik

Årets hovedtema på Energidagen 2016 er Forskningssentre for miljøvennlig energi (FME).

Mynewsdesk

I bygninger bruker vi energi til å få et godt inneklima, til å gi oss varmt vann, til belysning og til elektrisk utstyr. Faktisk er tilnærmet 40 prosent av energibruken i Norge knyttet til byggene vi bor og jobber i.

Birgit Risholt, Arild Gustavsen

The new research centre, which was recently announced by Minister of Petroleum and Energy Tord Lien, is called FME ZEN (Zero Emission Neighbourhoods) and will be hosted by NTNU and SINTEF.

Multiconsult ASA

On May 26, Norwegian Energy Minister Tord Lien announced the inauguration of eight Forskningssentre for miljøvennlig energi (FME) (Centers* for Environment-friendly Energy Research).

M. Michael Brady

Institutt for produktdesign (IPD) i Trondheim og medie- og designfag ved Seksjon for medieteknologi (MTL) i Gjøvik har funnet hverandre og vil danne et nytt Institutt for design under Fakultet for arkitektur og design. Begge fagmiljøer er enige om at det ligger spennende muligheter i fusjonen og at et nytt institutt har stort potensial. Felles deltakelse i det nye FME ZEN (Zero Emission Neighbourhoods) vil være en ekstra pådriver.

Terje Stafseng, Casper Boks

Utviklingsprosjektet «Ny by – Ny flyplass» kan ende i at Bodø, med sine i dag 50.000 innbyggere, blir en av verdens mest miljøvennlige og moderne byer.

Sindre Sverdrup Strand, Grete Kristoffersen, Daniel Bjarmann-Simonsen

GK deltar i ny storsatsing på miljøvennlig energi som skal bidra til at nullutslippssamfunnet kan realiseres.

VVS Aktuelt

Fremtidens teknologiløsninger utvikles nettopp gjennom programmer som dette, sier sier direktør Teknologi og marked i GK Inneklima, Bjørn-Osvald Skandsen om The Research Centre on Zero Emission Neighbourhoods in Smart Cities, eller Forskningssenter for nullutslippsområder i smarte byer – FME ZEN.

ITBAktuelt

Så er det i gang. Olje- og energiminister Tord Lien og Norges forskningsråd annonserte fredag 8 nye Forskningssentre for miljøvennlig energi (FME). Elverum og Evenstad er med i ett av de nye forskningssentrene.

Randi Undseth

The Research Centre on Zero Emission Neighbourhoods in Smart Cities/Forskningssenter for nullutslippsområder i smarte byer (FME ZEN) skal utvikle løsninger for framtidens bygninger og byområder – løsninger som bidrar til at nullutslippssamfunnet kan realiseres.

Arild Gustavsen, Terje Jacobsen